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Hosea 6:6 For I desired mercy and not sacrifice;
and the knowledge of God more than your burnt offerings.
Bible Chapter Studies
1A0II CHRONICLES CHAPTER 27
Welcome to the mid years of seventh century B.C., the year is 649B.C., and we find the Nation of the House of Israel divided into two separate Nations: The House of Israel consisting of ten Tribes—Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Ephraim and Manasseh—occupying the Northern territories; and the House of Judah which comprises two Tribes—Judah and Benjamin—and occupying the southern territories. At present, the House of Israel has as it’s king, king Jeroboam (II), and the House of Judah has as it’s king, king Jotham. As we are reading in the The Books of the Chronicles, we are reading things in the Esoteric, meaning, we are reading things from Father’s point of view or perspective, or in other words, events viewed from the Divine standpoint, and as seen and understood by the spiritual mind, to take that further, you could say, from the moral aspect, and you could go even further and say, for those with the “eyes to see.” The reason Father split the Nation into two separate Nations was because of the actions of Israel’s third man-king, David’s son, Solomon—as can be read in I Kings 11:1-11—taking unto himself many foreign wives, served their false gods and idols, built altars for those false gods and idols on Father’s Holy mountain, turned his back on Father, which angered Father and caused Father to tell him that He was splitting the Nation into two separate Nations, but not until Solomon returned Home to Him and his son Rehoboam took over the reign and rule of the Nation.
II Chronicles 26 brought us the People of House of Judah taking king Amaziah’s son, Uzziah—also known as Azariah in The Books of the Kings—and making him king over themselves. They did this because Amaziah had turned away from following Father, and when they had made a conspiracy against him, he fled to Lachish. When they caught up with him there, they then slew him. After slaying him, there was a thirteen year interregnum between his death, and their making his son Uzziah king. The reason for the interregnum, was because at the time of his father’s death, Uzziah was only three years old, and we read in II Chronicles 26:1, that he was sixteen years old when he began to reign. He reigned over Judah for 52 years, the second longest reign of any of the kings of either House of Israel. Uzziah did much good and right in Judah for most of his life; however, after Father had Blessed him for his righteousness, later in life, he turned vile and decided he no longer needed Father, and therefore, he stopped following Father, His Commandments, Judgments, Laws, Ordinances and Statutes. Father also had stricken him with leprosy when he disobeyed Father and His Priests by going into the Holiest of Holies in Father’s Temple in order to offer incense. Picture in your mind and imagine the scene, as there he stood, with a censer in his hand, ready to burn incense, angry with and defying Father, when the High Priest—who also was named Azariah—and the 80 priests he brought with him, watched as leprosy broke out in the midst of his forehead. Upon seeing this, the priests thrust him out of Father’s Sanctuary and Temple; though, in all actuality, they didn’t have to thrust him too hard, as, he himself felt the leprosy coming on and he decided he no-longer wanted to be there in Father’s Sanctuary. He was now a leper, and as such, he spent his last years separated from society, living in a “several” house—a house for lepers or a hospital—until the day of his death five years later. When he died, they buried him in the City of David as they did with most of the kings of the House of Judah; however, they didn’t want to defile the other king’s sepulchers, so they buried him in a “field of burial,” and then made his son Jotham king.
Jotham was twenty years old when he had taken over the throne as co-regent for his father Uzziah. Jotham was then 25 when he actually became king of the House of Judah, and we’ll read that his reign will last for 16 years, meaning that he’ll die and return Home to Father at the young age of 41. Why so young? Because, though Jotham will try to do that which is right in the eyes of Father in following the Laws Father had given through Moses, we’ll read that he stops Honoring, Serving and Worshiping Father, and therefore, Father will stir up Pekah, the king of the House of Israel, who’ll enlist the aid of Rezin, the king of Syria, to come against Jotham.
With that introduction being said, let’s go to Father and ask Him for His Blessings on our Study of His Word: “ Father, I come to You right now and ask that You Oh LORD Lead me and Guide me as I try and teach Your Word, don’t allow me to mis-teach or mis-lead Your Children. We, Father, also come to You as a group who desire to Learn Your Word, to thank You for inviting us to Your table in order that we might be able to partake of and receive Your Spiritual Meat, and Father, as we prepare to dine on the sustenance which sustains our inner man, we ask that You Oh LORD open our ears and eyes, that we might be able to hear and see your Truths, open our hearts and minds and prepare us in order that we may receive Your Truth. We Pray for Your Understanding of Your Word, we seek Your Knowledge in Your Word, and most importantly Father, we Pray for and desire Your Wisdom from Your Word, in Jesus’ Precious name we Pray, thank You Father, Amen.”
I Chronicles 10:1-II Chronicles 36:21
HISTORY (UP TO THE CAPTIVITY.)
(Division.)
11:1-II Chronicles 36:21 THE HOUSE
of DAVID. ESTABLISHED. (Division.)
27:1-9 JOTHAM. (Introversion.)
27:1 Introduction.
1A1
II Chronicles 27:1 Jotham (YAH [is] perfect; and, YHVH is upright) (Yo-thamי) was twenty and five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem (founded peaceful; and, the habitation of peace) (Yer-oo-shaw-lahי-im). His mother’s name also was Jerushah (possessed; and, possessed) (Yer-oo-shawי), the daughter of Zadok (just; and, just) (tsaw-dokeי). —> As I stated in my opening introduction, Jotham was 20 years old when his father Uzziah was stricken by Father with leprosy and they put him in a “separate house,” in other words, a home for lepers or a hospital, and they made Jotham a co-regent with his father. He will reign and rule the Nation for 16 years before Father brings him Home to Him.
Jotham=For a detailed description of Jotham, including his history, the etymology of his name, the Strong’s Concordance definition of his name, and the Smith’s Bible Dictionary information, click here.
Jerusalem=For a detailed description of Jerusalem, including the Nations history, the etymology of the name, the Strong’s Concordance definition of the name, and the Smith’s Bible Dictionary information, click here.
Jerushah
Jerushah=Jerushah was the wife of Uzziah, 13th king of the House of Judah, and also the mother of Jotham, 14th king of the House of Judah. She was the daughter of Zadok—whom Dr. Bullinger notes at II Kings 15:33 of his Companion Bible was the High Priest during this time, thus making her from the Tribe of Levi. Other than what is written in II Kings 15:33 and II Chronicles 27:1, we know nothing of the woman. We don’t know what she did or how long she lived. † For the etymology of the name Jerushah, we read the following in Abarim Publications: “Jerusha is the mother of king Jotham of Judah, the wife of king Uzziah and the daughter of Zadok. Jerusha is mentioned twice in Scriptures: once in II Kings 15:33, where her name is spelled ירושא, and once in II Chronicles 27:1, where she’s called ירושה (Jerushah). Either version of the name Jerusha(h) comes from the verb ירש (yarash), meaning to take possession of: The noun ירשה is nearly identical to our name Jerushah, except that in the name the vowel waw is added for pronunciation purposes. The letters aleph and he sometimes interchange, especially when they denote vowels. The aleph-version of this name (Jerusha) should be considered the same as Jerushah. For a meaning of the name Jerusha(h), New Open Bible Study Edition (NOBSE) Study Bible Name List reads Possessed (married) and Jones’ Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names has Possessed, and adds: namely, by a husband. Brown Driver Briggs (BDB) Theological Dictionary suggests Taken Possession Of, and adds: i.e. married? Here at Abarim Publications we completely disagree with these translations. Harris Archer Waltke (HAW) Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament counts 282 occurrences of this root and its derivatives, and never these words are used to describe a marital relationship. Wives are never owned or taken possession of. There was a rule that when a man dies without having any offspring, that man’s brother was to marry the wife and produce offspring in his brother’s name (called Levirate law, after the Latin word levir, meaning brother-in-law — Genesis 38:8, Ruth 4:5-6). In the no-covet command of Exodus 20:17 the wife is listed among the attributes of a man’s house, but no verb is employed to denote the degree of the man’s legal association with his house (and wife). In English we must resort to wordings like “whatever belongs to your neighbor,” but in Hebrew only the prefix ל (le), literally meaning to, is used. Israel’s inheritance of the land of Canaan was a major part of the covenant that God made with Abraham (Genesis 15:18), and because of that, the book of Deuteronomy shows the highest density of occurrences of our verb ירש. In fact, the Abrahamic covenant and its clause of inheritance was the very reason that the modern state of Israel was reinitiated at its present location and not (safely) somewhere else. Jerusha was surely not named after a man’s relationship to his wife, but rather God’s promise to Abraham and his offspring. Since Paul teaches that all believers in Christ are Abraham’s offspring (GALATIANS 3:16), this magnificent name ties right into the promise of the New Creation (EPHESIANS 1:10-11, REVELATION 21:1). The name Jerusha means Inheritance.”. † Now from the Strong’s Concordance, where we find that it is Hebrew word number: H3388, - יְרוּשָׁא,ss or יְרוּשָׁה, - yerûshâ', or yerûshâh, pronounced - yer-oo-shawי or yer-oo-shawי, and means: Feminine passive particle of H3423; possessed; Jerusha or Jerushah, an Israelitess: - Jerusha, Jerushah. Total KJV occurrences: 2.. † Now from the Smith’s Bible Dictionary, where we read: “Possessed. Daughter of Zadok and queen of Uzziah, II Kings 15:33.”.
Zadok
Zadok=Zadok was the father of king Uzziah’s wife Jerushah, who was the mother of king Jotham. Other than what is written in II Kings 15:33 and II Chronicles 27:1, we know nothing of the man. We don’t know what he did or how long he lived—though Dr. Bullinger notes at II Kings 15:33 of his Companion Bible that this Zadok was the High Priest during the reigns of Uzziah and Jotham. † For the etymology of the name Zadok, we read the following from Abarim Publications: “The etymology of the name Zadok comes from the verb צדק (sadeq), meaning to be just: For a meaning of the name Zadok, New Open Bible Study Edition (NOBSE) Study Bible Name List reads Righteous. Jones’ Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names has Just. And Brown Driver Briggs (BDB) Theological Dictionary says Just, righteous.”. † Now from the Strong’s Concordance, where we find that it is Hebrew word number: H6659, - צָדוֹק, - tsâdôq, pronounced - tsaw-dokeי, and means: From H6663; just; Tsadok, the name of eight or nine Israelites: - Zadok. Total KJV occurrences: 53.. † Now from the Smith’s Bible Dictionary, where we read: “Just. Father of Jerushah, the wife of King Uzziah and mother of King Jotham, II Kings 15:33; II Chronicles 27:1.”.
27:2 Events. Personal.
1A2
II Chronicles 27:2 And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD, according to all that his father Uzziah (strength of YAH; or, strength of YHVH) (Ooz-zee-yawי-hoo) did: howbeit he entered not into the temple of the LORD. And the people did yet corruptly. —> Jotham, like many of his predecessors before him, started off his reign and rule doing things which we pleasing to Father and he did not commit the gross sin of his father Uzziah, i.e., he did not enter into Father’s Sanctuary to offer incense upon Father’s Altar—some scholars believe Jotham did not enter into Father’s Sanctuary out of fear that Father would strike him with leprosy like He had with his father Uzziah, some believe it was because Jotham was angry with Father for striking his father with leprosy, I side with Pastor Dennis of Shepherd’s Chapel, i.e., that it was out of an over abundance of caution so as not to be seen as trying to take over the office of the Priests as his father had. Sadly though, even though he was doing many things right, he did not remove the high places where the People went to do their illegal worship services to their false gods and hold their disgusting sexual orgy worship services, nor did he try and put a stop to their illegal practices.
The LORD=This Title of Father as used here in this verse, is Father in His Role of יְהֹוָה, YHVH—from Dr. Bullinger’s Companion Bible Appendices: YHVH, YAHVEH, or YEHOVAH—the sacred and personal name of Father. While Elohim is God as the Creator of all things, YEHOVAH is the same God in covenant relation to those whom He has created (compare II Chronicles 18:31). YEHOVAH means the Eternal, the Immutable One, He Who WAS, and IS, and IS TO COME. The Divine definition is given in Genesis 21:33. He is especially, therefore, the God of Israel; and the God of those who are redeemed, and are thus now “in Christ”. We can say “My God,” but not “My YEHOVAH,” for YEHOVAH is “MY God.”.
Uzziah=For a detailed description of Uzziah, including his history, the etymology of his name, the Strong’s Concordance definition of his name, and the Smith’s Bible Dictionary information, click here.
27:3-6 Events. Public.
1A3
II Chronicles 27:3 He built the high gate of the house of the LORD, and on the wall of Ophel (a ridge; and, hill) (oי-fel) he built much. —> Jotham restored and fortified the gate at the North Side of the Inner Court where the sacrifices were slaughtered in preparation to be placed on the Altar of Burnt Offering, depending on what type of sacrifice it was being offered according to Father’s Law.
Ophel=The Ophel; or, the lofty place or tower at the north end of the hill of Zion, between Zion and the Temple.
Ophel
Ophel=Ophel was a fortified stronghold or tower of great importance near the middle of the southeastern hill of Zion, which lay between Zion and Father’s Temple in Jerusalem. During the days of the reign and rule of king Jotham, he restored it from its former decay and neglect from when David had initially fortified it. † Abarim Publications does not provide an etymology for the name Ophel, and as such, neither can I. † From the Strong’s Concordance, we find that it is Hebrew word number: H6077, - עֹפֶל, - ‛ôphel, pronounced - oי-fel, and means: The same as H6076; a ridge; Ophel, a ridge in Jerusalem: - Ophel. Total KJV occurrences: 5.. † Now from the Smith’s Bible Dictionary, where we read: “A hill. A part of ancient Jerusalem. Ophel was the swelling declivity by which the mount of the temple slopes off on its southern side into the valley of Hinnom—a long, narrowish, rounded spur or promontory, which intervenes between the mouth of the central valley of Jerusalem (the Tyropœon) and the Kidron, or valley of Jehoshaphat. Halfway down it on its eastern face is the “Fount of the Virgin,” so called; and at its foot the lower outlet of the same spring—the Pool of Siloam. In II Chronicles 27:3 Jotham is said to have built much “on the wall of Ophel.” Manasseh, among his other defensive works, “compassed about Ophel.” Ibid, 33:14. It appears to have been near the “water-gate,” Nehemiah 3:26, and the “great tower that lieth out,” ver. 27. It was evidently the residence of the Levites, Nehemiah 11:21.”.
1A4
II Chronicles 27:4 Moreover he built cities in the mountains of Judah (celebrated; and, praised, celebrated) (yeh-hoo-dawי), and in the forests he built castles and towers. —> Like his father Uzziah and Solomon several centuries before him, Jotham built many buildings, he also refortified, restored and restocked many of the fortresses or strongholds which also had decayed after many years of neglect. These fortresses and strongholds were all for the defense of the Nation from the marauding bands of Arabians and Edomites which were running bands of outlaws who would raid and steal herds and flocks and whatever else they could get their hands on.
Judah=For a detailed description of Judah, including the Territories history, the etymology of the name, the Strong’s Concordance definition of the name, and the Smith’s Bible Dictionary information, click here.
1A5
II Chronicles 27:5 He fought also with the king of the Ammonites (tribal, that is, inbred; and, mountaineers) (am-mo-neeי), and prevailed against them. And the children of Ammon gave him the same year an hundred talents of silver, and ten thousand measures of wheat, and ten thousand of barley. So much did the children of Ammon pay unto him, both the second year, and the third. —> Father’s Word does not record exactly when; but, sometime during the reign of his father Uzziah, the Ammonites had stopped paying tribute to Judah, and here, we see Jotham engaged the Ammonites to restore that tribute again.
…the same year…both the second year, and the third=Here, we see that immediately after being defeated by Jotham, the Ammonites began paying tribute, they continued doing so the second year and the third; but, it appears that sometime during the fourth year and after, they again stopped paying.
One hundred talents of silver=One talent of Silver was equal to todays Troy weight of approximately 117 pounds. At todays current price of $24.08 per ounce, this would be approximately $4,507,776.00, a good sum of money.
Ammonites=For a detailed description of the Ammonites, including their history, the etymology of the word, the Strong’s Concordance definition of the word, and the Smith’s Bible Dictionary information, click here.
1A6
II Chronicles 27:6 So Jotham became mighty, because he prepared his ways before the LORD his God. —> This is what Father does for us when we do things His way, He Blesses us as He Blessed Jotham here; and so long as Jotham continued to Bless Father, Father Blessed him. However, as we read in II Kings 15:37, when he stopped doing things Father’s way, then Father withdrew His Blessings from Jotham, and He even went so far as to send adversaries—namely Pekah of the House of Israel and Rezin of Syria—against him and Judah; though, they didn’t actually engage in war until after his death.
God=As used in this verse, this is אלהים, ELOHIM—from Dr. Bullinger’s Companion Bible Appendices,: ELOHIM—the genus God, in other words, Father in His role of Creator of all things. From Dr. Bullinger’s Companion Bible, Appendix 4: “ELOHIM occurs 2,700 times. Its first occurrence connects it with creation, and gives it its essential meaning as the Creator. It indicates His relation to mankind as His creatures (see note on II Chronicles 18:31, where it stands in contrast with YEHOVAH as indicating covenant relationship). ELOHIM is God the Son, the living “WORD” with creature form to create (John 1:1; Colossians 1:15-17; Revelation 3:14); and later, with human form to redeem (John 1:14). “Begotten of His Father before all worlds; born of His mother, in the world.” In this creature form He appeared to the Patriarchs, a form not temporarily assumed.”. Dr. Bullinger further notes in his Companion notes to this verse, that “(with Art.) = the [true] God.”.
27:7-9 Conclusion.
1A7
II Chronicles 27:7 Now the rest of the acts of Jotham, and all his wars, and his ways, lo, they are written in the book of the kings of Israel (he will rule as YAH; or, the prince that prevails with YAH) (Yis-raw-aleי) (secondary map) and Judah. —> Yes, some of his acts and some of his wars are written and recorded in Father’s Word, we read of them here and back in II Kings 15:32-38.
Israel=For a detailed description of Israel, including his birth, his and the Nation’s history, the etymology of the name, the Strong’s Concordance definition of the name, and the Smith’s Bible Dictionary information, click here.
1A8
II Chronicles 27:8 He was five and twenty years old when he began to reign, and reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem. —> His age and the length of his reign and rule over the Nation repeated here from verse v27:1 above, to show us that for the most part, Jotham continued doing well throughout his reign and rule. I think—I hate using that phrase whenever discussing Father or His Word, but as we know, Father is the heart knower—II Chronicles 6:30—is omnipotent and omnipresent and knows before we do what we’re going to do—Father knew what Jotham’s son Ahaz would do when he becomes king.
1A9
II Chronicles 27:9 And Jotham slept with his fathers, and they buried him in the city of David: and Ahaz (possessor; and, possessor) (aw-khawzי) his son reigned in his stead. —> At the young age of 41 years old Jotham died and returned Home to Father. He reigned and ruled over the House of Judah for almost half of his life. When he died, the People buried him with the other good kings of Judah.
As was stated in Father’s Word, and as I pointed out, Jotham did many good things as far as strengthening Judah and fortifying the Nation militarily and structurally; his down-fall was that he didn’t lead the Nation away from idolatry as he should have, and he didn’t try to stop those who would continue to mix the things of Father with the heathen religious forms. All this is stated to allow us to know where our forefathers went bad and where their shortcomings were. It goes on today just as it did then, and people want to hang on to those traditions that go against Father and His Word. There are many things that Father warned us against, and that is why it is important to Study His Word, to know what to stay away from.
Ahaz
Ahaz=Ahaz was the son Jotham—and an un-named mother—king of the House of Judah, and he was father to Hezekiah—whose mother’s name was Abiyah—who succeded him on the throne. He was 20 years old when he took over the reigns from his father. He was the 15th king of the divided Nation of the House of Judah, and he reigned and ruled the Nation for 16 years—from 632B.C. until 616B.C.—returning Home to Father at the tender young age of 36 years old—as he was a king of the House of Judah, that made him a descendant of David, I state this because, this also could have made him in the line to our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ; however, fortunately for us, that line went not to Solomon; but, his brother Nathan. Ahaz, being a very unrighteous man and king, and doing only that which was evil in Father’s eyes, was sandwiched between two righteous kings, i.e., his father and his own son. He refused and rejected Father’s Ways in favor of following after the ways of the abominal unrighteous kings of the House of Israel, to wit: he served the false gods of baalim and molech and any other false god he heard of; he had crafted molten idols; he burned his own children in fires; he burned incense and made sacrifice to his false gods in the high places, on the hills, and under every green tree. During his reign and rule, Father sent His Prophet, Isaiah, to Ahaz to try and get him to turn to Father. Father told him that Pekah, the son of Remaliah the king of Israel and Rezin the king of Syria would try and come against him, but that Father would not allow them to prevail; and even though Father was telling him this, he rejected Father and what He told him would come to pass. Father then told Isaiah to tell Ahaz to ask a sign of Father, but Ahaz refused. For his refusal, Father delivered him and Judah into the hands of Rezin and Pekah. Pekah and the House of Israel slew 120,000 People of Judah in one day and carried away 200,000 men, women and children and very much spoil, also at this time, the Edomites and the Pilistines came in and raided Judah. Ahaz then went in and ransacked Father’s House of the Dedicated Things, the gold and the silver and gave them to tilgath-pilneser, the king of Assyria, and also offered himself as a trubute in order to try and buy his help, Tilgath-pilneser acepted Ahaz’s offer and went up against Syria and took it. Ahaz then went up to Damascus to meet with Tilgath-pilneser, and saw the altar in Damascus, he decided he wanted one for himself to worship at. So he sent and told Uriah the priest to fashion one after the pattern of it. When he returned from Damascus, he saw the altar which Uriah had made and he approached it and made burnt offerings, drink offerings, peace offerings and also sprinkled blood upon the altar. He also brought the brasen altar which was before Father, from the forefront of Father’s House, from between the Altar and Father’s House and put it on the north-side of his altar. He next told Uriah to offer the morning and evening burnt offerings, the meat and drink offerings on his altar. Ahaz even went so far as to cut the bases off of the brasen sea and put them on pavement stones around his altar. This was truly an unrighteous man, he was not the worst king of the House of Judah, but he was close to being such. † For the etymology of the name Ahaz, we read the following from Abarim Publications: “The name Ahaz comes from the verb אחז (ahaz), meaning to seize or grasp: For a meaning of the name Ahaz, New Open Bible Study Edition (NOBSE) Study Bible Name List reads He Has Grasped. Jones’ Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names offers Possessor. Brown Driver Briggs (BDB) Theological Dictionary reads He Hath Grasped and states that the name Ahaz is an abbreviated form of Jehoahaz—my note here, Jehoahaz is also recorded in Tilgath-pilneser’s inscriptions; the first 4 letters of his name—Jeho—have been dropped from Father’s Word, as he was unworthy of having it.”. † Now from the Strong’s Concordance, where we find that it is Hebrew word number: H271, - אָחָז, - 'âchâz, pronounced - aw-khawzי, and means: From H270; possessor; Achaz, the name of a Jewish king and of an Israelite: - Ahaz. Total KJV occurrences: 41.. † Now from the Smith’s Bible Dictionary, where we read: “Possessor. Eleventh king of Judah, son of Jotham, reigned about sixteen years. At the time of his accession, Rezin king of Damascus and Pekah king of Israel had recently formed a league against Judah, and they proceeded to lay siege to Jerusalem. Upon this Isaiah hastened to give advice and encouragement to Ahaz, and the allies failed in their attack on Jerusalem, Isaiah 7,8,9. But the allies inflicted a most severe injury on Judah by the capture of Elath, a flourishing port on the Red Sea, while the Philistines invaded the west and south, II Kings 16; II Chronicles 28. Ahaz, having forfeited God’s favor by his wickedness, sought deliverance from these numerous troubles by appealing to Tiglath-pileser king of Assyria, who freed him from his most formidable enemies. But Ahaz had to purchase this help at a costly price; he became tributary to Tiglath-pileser. He was weak, a gross idolater, and sought safety in heathen ceremonies, making his son pass through the fire to Molech, consulting wizards and necromancers, Isaiah 8:19, and other idolatrous practices, II Kings 23:12. His only service of permanent value was the introduction of the sun-dial. He died at the age of 36, but was refused a burial with the kings his ancestors, II Chronicles 28:27.”.
Dec 2015, updated: Apr 2022.
This Bible Study was written by Scott Reis and is provided in order to be used as a private Bible Study Tool. Therefore, it may be copied in whole or in part and shared for private Bible Study; however, it may not be reproduced and published as an original work.
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